Let Bartlet Be Bartlet - TWW S1E19

Original airdate: April 26, 2000

Teleplay by: Aaron Sorkin (18)
Story by: Peter Parnell (1) and Patrick Caddell (5)

Directed by: Laura Innes (1)

Synopsis

• The entire administration feels stuck in place, mired in meaningless meetings going nowhere  as the President's poll numbers fall. When word leaks of a memo written by Mandy outlining ways to attack the President on his inability to take strong stands, the staff is energized to turn the tables and reset the tone of the Bartlet presidency.

"I serve at the pleasure of the President."

"Good. Now let's get in the game."

Great storytelling often involves pulling together threads and plotlines, sometimes seeds of ideas planted long before, and wrapping them up into a unified, perhaps even surprising, final product. As viewers, we find ourselves gratified when a person or event or crumb of information mentioned weeks ago suddenly is revealed as an important element of the story's climax. Aaron Sorkin shows he's pretty good at this, and the final few episodes of Season One bring his skills to the fore.

In fact, this method of ending a season with a group of linked episodes, bringing together threads and storylines established over the entire year and rushing towards a cliffhanger of a season-ending climax, is basically a standard of Sorkin's TV-series style. I know you can see it in The Newsroom, and while I haven't seen Sports Night and didn't last very long with Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip, I'll bet he did the same thing there.

Right from the start in Pilot, with President Bartlet's bicycle-tree collision, we have been bombarded with talk of the listlessness and futility of his administration. While the staff got to celebrate the confirmation of Bartlet's nominee to the Supreme Court in Six Meetings Before Lunch, that seems to be the only big success of the administration's first year-plus in office. They did push through a watered-down gun control bill, but Vice President Hoynes ended up with the credit; they found themselves bogged down in a fight with Congress over Leo's former drug abuse problems; Bartlet was taken to task by a retiring Supreme Court justice over his move away from the liberal policies he ran on; the President's poll numbers have been aggravatingly stuck at an anemic 48 percent*. We also learn Bartlet's election victory came with just 48 percent of the popular vote - my take is there must have been a third-party candidate that split the national vote (similar to Ross Perot in 1992, which meant Bill Clinton won the presidency with only 43 percent of the vote). There's just a gnawing feeling that there's no overall strategy, no drive, no inspiration - it's seen as a presidency stuck in neutral, hoping to make it to re-election in 2002 without any higher goals than that. As Toby shouts to Leo, "One victory a year stinks in the life of an administration, but it's not the ones we lose that bother me, Leo, it's the ones we don't suit up for!"

(* I will take this one last opportunity to mention that Sorkin undermines his own agenda multiple times over the course of the season: the administration is successful in passing a banking reform bill over the objections of the banking lobby; they get hate crimes legislation through after the beating death of a gay Minnesota teen; they have the economy running at a pace that results in a huge budget surplus, and appears to have some success in where that money was delegated; and they convince Congress to go along on studying changes to the census process. So it hasn't been a total disaster of an administration - but even with these "wins," the overall public opinion of President Bartlet continues to be poor, and the opposition Congress is flexing its muscles against what is seen as a weak White House. That's all I have to say about that.)

Now, all those tendrils of impotence and caution and vacillation come crashing together, leading us to a reset in the direction of the Bartlet presidency that Sorkin has been setting up since Pilot. A move to look into the chances of naming two champions of campaign finance reform to the Federal Election Commission is met with disdain on Capitol Hill, with senatorial aides even threatening to bring up retaliatory legislation if the White House tries it; a meeting with congressmen and military liaisons on getting rid of Don't Ask, Don't Tell and letting gay servicemembers serve openly is dead on arrival; a new poll shows the President's approval ratings have dropped five points in a week ("We didn't do anything!" exclaims Leo, exasperated at how public opinion has dropped without any misstep by the administration); even the White House e-mail system is slowed to a crawl, thanks to Margaret's message about the calories in the raisin muffins being "reply-alled" into e-mail hell. The feeling of despair and frustration has spread throughout the entire West Wing:

CJ (asking about the President): "How's his mood today?"

Leo: "We had breakfast. He seemed very upbeat, very energetic, very optimistic about the day."

CJ: "How long do you suppose that's going to last?"

(cut to President and Mrs. Landingham at the OEOB)

President: "Can't we get this godforsaken event over with so I can get back to presiding over a civilization going to hell in a handcart?"

And whatever the staff tries to do, they find themselves stymied at every turn. Josh asks Leo if the President expects to go anywhere with making his nominations to the FEC; Leo says no. The military officers ask Toby and Sam what the consequences of their meeting will be; Sam says the consequences will be little. Admiral Fitzwallace later tells Sam he's not going to get anywhere with that meeting. Josh, looking at Mandy's memo, says to Toby, "Our second year doesn't seem to be going a whole lot better than our first, does it?" Even Donna makes mention of the gloom permeating the entire West Wing:

Donna: "Why is everyone walking around like they know they've already lost?"

Then, just to add more misery to the situation, word comes out of an explosive "piece of paper" that's been discovered by the media, which turns out to be a memo written by Mandy to help Senator Russell as he was contemplating a possible primary challenge to President Bartlet. This memo outlines the weaknesses of the President and his staff, blaming Leo for holding Bartlet back from his more progressive instincts, and serves as a playbook for stopping the incumbent from being renominated in 2002. The memo serves as a spark for some lively scenes between CJ and Mandy (CJ treats Mandy like a disobedient child, which is pretty apt, I think) and CJ and Danny (a emotionally loaded scene - the tightness of CJ's voice with her final "OK" before she goes out the door is so perfect. Have I mentioned how much I love Allison Janney's work?). Danny hits on the listlessness of the administration too:

Danny: "You guys are stuck in the mud around here, and none if it is the fault of the press. I know you're frustrated - but it ain't nothing compared to the frustration of the people who voted for you, so don't come in here and question my --"

Sorkin takes all this inaction and frustration and uncertainty plaguing the White House and brings it to a boil in a crackling Oval Office fight between Jed and Leo. Leo turns the tables on the memo, pointing out that it's Bartlet himself who's been holding back, Bartlet himself who's been too timid to do what he really wants. Instead he's keeping things safe and noncontroversial, playing the long game for reelection instead of using his office to make forceful policy changes. It's a fantastic scene, made a classic by those pros John Spencer and Martin Sheen, and ends with Jed coming around to the knowledge that his staff, these loyal employees who believe in the President and democracy and the United States, will truly go to the ends of the earth to fight for those ideals:

Leo: "Everyone's waiting for you, I don't know how much longer."

President: "I don't want to feel like this anymore."

Leo: "You don't have to."

President: "I don't want to go to sleep like this."

Leo: "You don't have to."

President: "I want to speak."

Leo: "Say it out loud. Say it to me."

President: "This is more important than reelection, I want to speak now."

Leo: "Say it again."

President: "This is more important than reelection. I want to speak now."

And Leo comes up with the beginnings of a strategy, with something on a legal pad that we're going to see echoed on a napkin in the future:

And when Leo goes back into his office to tell the rest of the staff that the game has changed, they proudly and happily proclaim one by one, "I serve at the pleasure of the President." The course of the administration has changed; the energy has crescendoed, and they're going after the long shot policy changes that can actually better the country:

Leo: "And we're gonna lose some of these battles. And we might even lose the White House. But we're not gonna be threatened by issues. We're gonna put 'em front and center. We're gonna raise the level of public debate in this country. And let that be our legacy."

And, as Leo said, they're ready to run through walls for President Bartlet:

It's a marvelously crafted reset of the direction of the administration (with some really stirring Snuffy Walden music over the final scenes), and we are ready to see what these folks will choose to do with their restored energy and inspiration.



Tales Of Interest!

- Toby has a microwave in his office. Apparently Sam does not, as he comes over to use it to heat up his coffee:

Also note the CNN weather on the television (cable news weather reports are seen on quite a few background TVs in this episode). This shows a front with widespread precipitation all across the eastern seaboard, so Sam's reliance on Coast Guard Lt. Lowenbrau's forecast is clearly misplaced.

- The timeline of this episode matches with the real-life calendar, as CJ briefs the press about what's coming up for Easter ("The Easter Egg Hunt and the Easter Egg Roll are two different things. The theme of this year's event is 'Learning Is Delightful and Delicious,' as, by the way, am I.") Easter in 2000 arrived on Sunday, April 23, three days before this episode aired.

- This is the first episode of The West Wing directed by Laura Innes, who you might know as Dr. Kerry Weaver on ER (ER being a John Wells-produced show, as was The West Wing). Innes got her start in directing with ER in 1999, going to direct 12 episodes of that series as well as 5 more episodes of The West Wing. Since 2002 she's directed for 14 other TV series as well. She shows she's really got the hang of the West Wing style - I loved the swooping shot around the table as Sam and the military officers are arguing in the Roosevelt Room.

- Once again, what exactly is Mandy's job, and how exactly is she supposed to be any good at it? As a media consultant, all she can do is tell Josh not to get involved in hot-button issues like flag burning, school prayer or English as the national language, but when Josh tells her they're not going to push their candidates for the FEC, she says, "Why not?" You crazy woman, you just told him not to stir up trouble and stay on the safe road, now you're questioning that exact same policy? PLUS - if she had written an opposition memo while working for Russell, wouldn't the FIRST THING YOU'D DO after being hired by the White House be to offer that memo to the administration, so they can work on correcting those weaknesses? Sorkin puts the onus on CJ (through Danny berating her) for not asking for any such material, but I think it's on Mandy to volunteer to give that up when she first came on board. Anyway ... Mandy's not very good at her job, and it was nice to see CJ slapping her down a little.

- Toby can be a riot, with his prickly personality put to good use when he's putting others into what he thinks is their place. His talk with Margaret about "the lab" is a classic:

Margaret: "I was simply informing the others that the calorie count in the raisin muffin was wrong, and it is, Toby, you don't believe me. You should take one of those muffins and, you know, take it down to the lab."

Toby: "I'll do that."

Margaret: "Will you?"

Toby: "Get me a muffin. Careful not to handle it yourself, you want to use gloves. Slip it to me in a plastic bag, I'll send it off to the lab."

Margaret: "You're mocking me now, aren't you?"

Toby: "Yes."

- In the early days of the series, we saw CJ used a Gateway laptop. Later we saw Sam and Toby using Macbooks. Here ... well, I can't tell the brand, although it's certainly not a Mac:

- Even though Fitzwallace later tells Sam he isn't going to get anywhere with the military guys over Don't Ask, Don't Tell, he lays down a truth bomb to them when he crashes the meeting:

Officer 1: "Sir, we're not prejudiced toward homosexuals."

Fitz: "You just don't want to see them serve in the armed forces."

Officer 1: "No, sir, I don't."

Fitz: "Cause they pose a threat to unit discipline and cohesion."

Officer 2: "Yes, sir."

Fitz: "That's what I think, too. I also think the military wasn't designed to be an instrument of social change."

Officer 2: "Yes, sir."

Fitz: "Problem with that is, that's what they were saying about me 50 years ago. Blacks shouldn't serve with whites. It would disrupt the unit. You know what? It did disrupt the unit. The unit got over it. The unit changed. I'm an admiral in the US Navy and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Beat that with a stick."

Quotes    

President: "CJ, are you taller than you usually are?"

CJ: "No, sir, I'm my usual height." 

-----

Toby: "Sam?"

Sam: "Damn it!"

Leo: "What?"

Sam: "I forgot to do something."

President (offscreen, to trout fishermen): "As I look out over this magnificent vista --"

Story threads, callbacks, and familiar faces (Hey, it's that guy!)

• Steve Onorato, aide to the (apparently Republican) Senate Majority Leader, is played by Paul Provenza (Empty Nest, The Facts Of Life, Northern Exposure).

• Congressman Mike Satchel is played by Andy Buckley, probably best known for his role as David Wallace in The Office.

• Gail's fishbowl is decorated with colorful Easter eggs.

• Did you notice the newspaper framed on Toby's wall? It's the Hartford Chronicle front page that Sam used in Celestial Navigation to prove to the police officers that they were from the White House, convincing the police to release Roberto Mendoza.

• The gays in the military as a plot point first came up in 20 Hours In L.A., when Ted Marcus threatened to cancel the fundraiser if President Bartlet didn't speak out against a bill banning gays from serving. Jed convinced Marcus things would be worse if he took a public stand on the issue; a position that's reflected in the wishy-washy approach of the administration in general shown here.

• Jed tells Leo "you came to my house" and talked him into running for President. We'll soon see where that conversation takes place, and it's not at Jed's house.

• Speaking of running for President, it seems clear here that Bartlet is holding back and playing it safe to set things up for reelection in 2002. We are going to find out later that because of his MS, he was not planning to actually run for a second term, or at least that was the agreement he made with Abbey. Of course, the rest of the staff had no knowledge of this (Leo didn't even find out about the MS until He Shall, From Time To Time ...), so they would have been working towards another election, but Jed's discussion with Leo here seems to show he was planning on running.

• Josh and Donna ... personally, I love the chemistry these two actors have with each other (Janel Maloney is so good she gets promoted to appearing in the starring cast credits next season). A lot of people have issues with their relationship - Josh does treat her pretty badly a lot of the time, it's true, but he also has sweet, tender moments sometimes. If you throw out the whole boss-subordinate kind of relationship-power-imbalance angle (and you have to, in this case, because it's TV and because it was a different time almost 20 years ago), well, they have a pretty long will-they-or-won't-they thing going on. I won't deny I was rooting for these two kooky kids all along. ANYWAY - there's a bit of foreshadowing of their future relationship. It doesn't come to fruition for years, but the seeds are being planted:

Donna: "So the President has the opportunity to stack the FEC with our people and make a measurable impact on campaign finance reform?"

Josh: "Yes."

Donna: "Well, do it, baby."

Josh: "There's a couple of roadblocks."

Donna: "What?"

Josh: "Whenever a vacancy comes up, the party leadership on both sides, uh ... did you just, call me 'baby' back there?"

And later, when Josh comes back from his meeting on the Hill:

Donna (meeting Josh in the foyer): "How'd it go?"

Josh: "How do you know to be standing here?"

Donna: "I see you out the window."

Josh: "You don't have a window."

Donna: "There's a window in your office."

Josh: "What are you doing in my office when I'm not there?"

Donna: "Looking for you out the window."

DC location shots    

• The early scene with the President and staff walking through hallways on their way to the (relocated) speech to the United Organization of Trout Fishermen is described as being in the Old Executive Office Building (OEOB), which is located just west of the White House (the outside of which was used for a scene in The Short List). The building was actually renamed the Eisenhower Executive Office Building in November, 1999, but it's not a stretch to think people would still call it by its old name a few months later. I've been unable to find information about where that scene was actually shot - it may have been the OEOB (although I doubt it), it may have been in the Daughters of the American Revolution building (the exterior of which was seen in 20 Hours In L.A.), but most likely it was somewhere in Los Angeles (as the museum rotunda was used to stand in for a government building in Take This Sabbath Day).

(Also, it seems odd to me that we first see the President and Mrs. Landingham heading up a couple of flights of stairs to a hallway, then to see the staff burst in from an obvious ground-floor entrance to join them.)

References to real people    

• Donna uses James Madison in her bullet points for Josh about English as the national language.

• Danny gives a shout-out to the ice cream franchise Baskin-Robbins.

• The bad news about losing five points in a week comes from a CNN/USA Today poll.

• Josh is seen carrying the book A Necessary Evil by Garry Wills, subtitled A History of American Distrust of Government. It would seem to be clearly connected to the overall theme of this episode, how politicians tend to do things that are safer for their own ends rather than breaking out of the box and working to improve the nation.

End credits freeze frame: President Bartlet sharing a smile and a nod with Leo at the end of the episode.

Six Meetings Before Lunch - TWW S1E18

Original airdate: April 5, 2000

Written by: Aaron Sorkin (17)

Directed by: Clark Johnson (1)

Synopsis

• The good mood from Mendoza's confirmation to the Supreme Court proves short-lived when word breaks of a nominee for assistant attorney general's support for slavery reparations. Sam and Mallory argue over a position paper on school vouchers, Mandy asks Toby for help on getting new pandas for the National Zoo, and Zoey gets in a bit of hot water when a friend gets arrested at a party.

"We're meant to keep doing better. We're meant to keep discussing and debating and we're meant to read books by great historical scholars and then talk about them, which is why I lent my name to a dust cover."

There's always a lot going on when you're running a country. In fact, you hardly ever get the time to just sit back and savor your victories - or, at least, any more time than it takes to lip-sync to "The Jackal." And that's what we get in Six Meetings Before Lunch. The administration has put Roberto Mendoza on the Supreme Court, following a rather bruising confirmation battle and giving the Bartlet presidency a much-needed win, but even as the celebration goes on, complications pile up elsewhere.

The Mendoza confirmation is seen as such a major victory for a star-crossed administration that Toby, for one, puts a halt to the happiness until the vote count is final:

Toby: "Fifty-one votes is what we see on those screens before a drop of wine is swallowed. Because there's a little thing called what, Bonnie?"

Bonnie: "Tempting fate?"

Toby: "Tempting fate, is what it's called. In the three months this man has been on my radar screen I have aged 48 years, and this is my day of jubilee, I will not have it screwed up by what, Bonnie?"

Bonnie: "Tempting fate."

Toby: "By tempting fate! These things take patience. These things take skill, these things take luck. In the 15 months we've been in office what kind of luck have we had, Ginger?"

Ginger: "Bad luck."

Toby: "What kind of luck?"

Ginger: "Very bad luck."

(Don't get me started - again - on the list of achievements for the Bartlet administration since we embarked on this TV voyage 17 episodes ago ... just accept Aaron Sorkin's contrivance that it's been nothing but bad luck, Congressional opposition, and directionless drifting, and he'll clean all that up in a couple of episodes.)

This "day of jubilee" brings much rejoicing and celebration to the White House, bringing CJ to the fore for her acclaimed rendition of lip-syncing to Ronny Jordan's "The Jackal." (In real life, Allison Janney actually liked to do this in her trailer on the Warner Brothers lot, entertaining castmates as they waited between shots. Once Sorkin learned of her lip-syncing skills, he wrote it into this episode as something CJ likes to do at celebratory occasions - and then it was never mentioned again). Now, while it's obvious CJ (and Janney) are having a ball with this bit:

It's kind of creepy to see the vibe of the men, mostly, gathered around to ogle at CJ as she does her thing. I mean ... what kind of late-night club would these guys be doing this at, if you know what I mean? Here's Toby blowing cigar smoke-rings while Josh does the underbite-head groove:

And Sam doing a young White House lawyer's idea of a street-smart urban dance move while Leo grins manically:

I know "The Jackal" is a fan favorite - and Janney is awesome, she nails it, she's enjoying the heck out of it - but it's not exactly an example of proper workplace behavior, now, is it?

But watching "The Jackal" is about all the time the staff gets to enjoy their Supreme Court confirmation victory. Already there's trouble brewing with another nominee yet to go in front of the Senate Judiciary Committee, as Bartlet's man for Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights has written a blurb on the dust jacket of a book calling for slavery reparations. Mallory also blows up at Sam after reading a paper he wrote supporting school vouchers, which sends public tax money to private schools:

Sam: "We're gonna watch CJ do "The Jackal," then we're going to get a late dinner, after which I may or may not kiss you good night cause there is something going on between us, Mallory. But frankly I don't think you're doing a very good job on your part so I've decided to take over."

Mallory: "You're taking over."

Sam: "Yes. Let's go."

Mallory: "Not much chance."

Sam: "I didn't think so, but you gotta give me credit for trying."

Mallory: "Good night, there, skipper." (She leaves)

Sam: "Apparently, you don't have to give me credit for trying."

Adding to the complications, Mandy (yep, she's reappeared) is on the warpath trying to get some new panda bears for the National Zoo. With the last surviving panda at the zoo recently dying, thousands of letters have come to the White House asking about a replacement, and media-savvy Mandy wants to grab that wave of public interest to score some points - but again, Josh is having none of it:

Mandy: "You guys have gotten something more than 3000 letters in the last ten days wanting to know when we're getting the new bear for the National Zoo."

Josh: "What happened to the old bear?"

Mandy: "Lum-Lum?"

Josh: "Okay."

Mandy: "She died two weeks ago."

Josh: "Did I kill her?"

Mandy: "No."

Josh: "So what are you talking to me for?"

Mandy: "Three thousand letters in ten days."

Josh: "Did I write any of them?"

Mandy: "No."

Josh: "So, once again --"

And then Zoey gets in on things. When she's ambushed by a reporter (on campus, where he's not supposed to be) about her attendance at a frat party where a friend of hers was arrested on drug charges, she lies about the circumstances of being there, and then later repeats the lie to CJ. The lies have the potential of ramping up a non-story into something possibly embarrassing to Zoey and the President.

Well. At least they had one "day of jubilee" to celebrate.

Cleaning up all these issues - or, at least, the best that can be done to clean them up in the course of one episode - just takes us through the morning of the day after Mendoza's confirmation, hence the "Before Lunch" part of the title. CJ ends up ping-ponging from person to person dousing the fire of Zoey's story and chasing the truth, going from Danny to Charlie to Zoey to Gina to Sam to, finally and memorably, the President himself. As Jed gets all fired up in his wrath at the press, ready to march down to the briefing room and chew them out personally, CJ does just a bit of chewing out herself. She stands up to the President, pointing out that his personal involvement would elevate this nothing story into something newsworthy that the White House doesn't want or need. It's great character development for CJ - while she was nervous about taking Sam's advice to straight-talk the President, she buckles down and does it anyway because it's necessary ("It's your job," Sam tells her. "It's what he needs you to do."). The respect Jed gives her, realizing she was right all along, is quite a step up from how the guys shut CJ out of big events in Lord John Marbury, and this grows the character of CJ and helps set the stage for major storylines in the future of the series. As far as building toward the future, the Secret Service briefing scene and CJ's talk with Gina give us more exposition about the white-supremacist threats toward Charlie and Zoey,  plot points building toward the season finale.

Sam and Mallory have quite a tiff. Mallory, as a public school teacher, has strong opinions against the idea of school vouchers, which pull funding away from public schools in favor of parents choosing to put their children in private schools. After her father gives her a paper Sam wrote in favor of vouchers, she goes right after him - mainly because she can't understand why a high-level liberal Democratic staffer like Sam would ever support such a thing.

Sam gives as good as he gets, even as he's baffled by Mallory's inability to separate policy/work issues from their fledgling personal relationship (nice moments: Mallory's retort of how "snotty" he's acting when he wants to date her, and his reaction; the looks Sam gives Cathy after she scheduled Mallory's meeting, and then when she cancels his meeting on the Hill; Sam's begging CJ for dating advice). But at the end we learn that Sam isn't in favor of vouchers at all - he wrote the paper as opposition prep, giving the administration a look at the other side of an issue as they get ready to debate a situation. So what this seems to prove is Sam loves the argument, the debate, the back-and-forth of discussion, even when at the heart of it, both sides have the same opinion. On the other hand, it shows that Sam really doesn't have much of a clue when it comes to women, as one simple statement to Mallory at the beginning of the episode would have ended this whole fight before it even started (although that wouldn't have been nearly as much fun for Leo).

Let's touch on the Sam/Mallory coupling. Yes, the writers have been making an effort to make them a thing, going back to their comically disastrous meeting in Pilot and Mallory's attempt (doomed by Leo) to take Sam with her to the Chinese opera in Enemies. Yet, we find out here the two haven't actually gone out on a date yet - they were apparently scheduled to the night of the confirmation, but Mallory's reaction to this voucher news torpedoes that. I think they're pretty cute together, but it never really works out, and it's not everybody's favorite plot line (plus, what's going on with Laurie? Haven't heard from her in a while).

The panda plot line doesn't have much there, but considering we're talking about Mandy, that's not so surprising. Mandy's destruction of Toby's rare good mood is pretty humorous, though:

Mandy: "Toby!"

Toby: "Mandy."

Mandy: "You got two seconds?"

Toby: "Madeleine - you are charming and you are brilliant and for you I have all the time in the world."

Mandy: "What's with him?"

Ginger: "It's the day after his day of jubilee."

Bonnie: "He never sustains a good mood this long."

Toby: "Bonnie, you are dedicated and you are beautiful, and Ginger, you are .. other nice things."

What we do get out of the panda story is that Mandy hasn't changed or grown at all over the course of the season. When Toby tells her he's proud of her getting past her usual ways of tweaking Josh, since Josh played her by sending her to Toby over the pandas, she immediately disproves that point by asking Toby to help her cause Josh pain. Just as she was back in Pilot, Mandy is still nothing but a wise-ass continually finding ways to needle her ex-boyfriend. Compare that with the character development we've got out of CJ, or Josh, or Charlie, or even Donna - the writers just can't find a good purpose for Mandy as a character.

The civic-education meat of the episode comes in the Josh/Breckenridge conversation. Jeff Breckenridge, the nominee for the AG civil rights post, sits down with Josh to talk over his support for reparations, a topic which will likely cause him difficulty with his Senate confirmation. I think the whole issue is handled interestingly and thoughtfully, considering the eight to ten minutes the episode has to devote to the topic. Breckenridge lays out the fact that slaves provided an estimated $1.7 trillion worth of unpaid labor, and their descendants are entitled to that "back pay." Josh gets a little offended and defensive about it, pointing out that things such as affirmative action and the Civil Rights Act should give white America credit for something, and he also argues that other groups (such as his Holocaust-survivor grandfather) also have historical grievances.

It really boils down to Breckenridge's point at the end of the conversation, when he has Josh take out a dollar bill and look at the seal on the back, showing an unfinished pyramid with the eye of God looking over it:

Breckenridge: "The seal is meant to be unfinished, because the country's meant to be unfinished. We're meant to keep doing better."

It's a well-written scene, and helps guide the audience as the series points to a kind of leadership-style reset in a couple of episodes. The seeds planted here - the idea that leaders and citizens need to keep striving for improvement and the common good, even if they can't quite see the perfect way to complete that goal - resonate much better (with me, at least) aiming towards the Let Bartlet Be Bartlet "reset" than Sorkin's contrived notion that this administration is weak, treading water, and can't get out of its own way (as it's really done quite a bit over the past 18 episodes). And the wrapup of the discussion, with Josh and Breckenridge heading for lunch with Josh buying as a way to make a step towards those reparations - just spot on (if maybe just a bit obvious).

So while perhaps we can't quite figure out what exactly are the six meetings referred to in the title, we get a well-crafted episode that continues to pull plotlines together as we aim towards the final installments of the season. And we get CJ's performance of "The Jackal," too, so we've got that going for us, which is nice.


Tales Of Interest!

- What exactly are the six meetings before lunch? A couple of obvious ones are the 11:00 meeting Mallory set up with Sam, and Josh's meeting with Jeff Breckenridge (they are heading to lunch afterwards). Mandy's meeting with Toby about the panda is a third, and CJ's Oval Office faceoff with President Bartlet would be a fourth. What are the other two? CJ and Zoey, perhaps? CJ and Charlie? Girardi's canceled meeting with the President actually was lunch, so I don't think that would count. Mallory asking Leo for permission to have lunch with "fascist" Sam is hardly a meeting. Unless you give CJ the credit for three of these meetings, I don't think you can get to six.

- This is a good episode for the women in the West Wing - Bonnie, Ginger, and Cathy all get good lines, and Carol and Margaret get a nice scene each, too. Particularly Margaret, bewildered by Toby's good mood:

Margaret: "Hey, Toby."

Toby: "Hey, there, Margaret."

Margaret: "Are you okay?"

Toby: "Yeah, why wouldn't I be okay?"

Margaret: "You don't usually say, 'Hey, there, Margaret.'"

Toby: (chuckling) "What do I usually say?"

Margaret: "You usually growl something inaudible."

Toby: "Not today."

Margaret: "I see."

Toby: "You, on the other hand, should turn that frown upside down."

Margaret: "I'm sorry?"

Toby: "Let a smile be your umbrella, Margaret."

Margaret: "Now you're scaring the crap out of me, Toby."

- As the gang is watching and waiting for the 51 votes securing Mendoza's confirmation, they are all watching C-SPAN 2, the public affairs cable channel that covers the Senate. It's just something different from the old CND cable news standby, I guess.

- Mandy's discussion of panda bears at the National Zoo is, of course, based in fact. China first gave a pair of pandas to the U.S. in 1972, with a second pair on loan from the Chinese arriving in December 2000 (about eight months after this episode aired) following the deaths of Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing. Mandy is confused on her story, though - she tells Josh that Lum-Lum, a female, died of loneliness two weeks ago after her mate died. Talking to Toby, though, Toby corrects the name to Hsing-Hsing, a male, which Mandy says died "earlier this year" after his mate died. Hsing-Hsing is the name of one of the original pandas given to the zoo in 1972, and he indeed died in November 1999 (about five months prior to this episode), although his partner, Ling-Ling, had died seven years prior.

- Toby makes a direct reference to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 when discussing how the pandas could improve China's relationship with America:

Toby: "I think it would be a good idea as a symbol to signal that China is serious about a relationship with us, if they stopped running over their citizens with tanks."

- We're back to having items in Gail's fishbowl relating to the episode. This time it appears to be two pandas.

- As President Bartlet prepares to storm out of the Oval Office to chew out the press, Martin Sheen brings out his jacket flip again. Sheen suffered an injury to his left arm when he was born, limiting the mobility of that arm, and causing him to come up with a unique way to put on a coat jacket:

- Director Clark Johnson first became known as an actor (Homicide: Life On The Street, The Wire) but also got his directing career going in the mid- to-late 1990s. He's since directed episodes of many TV series, including The Shield and Homeland.



Quotes    

Josh: "A panda's what I think it is, right?"

Donna: "Yes."

Josh: "Little Australian thing, eats the bark off a koala tree?"

Donna: "That's a koala bear I believe you're describing." 

-----

Mallory: "Don't play dumb with me."

Sam: "No, honestly, I am dumb. Most of the time I'm playing smart." 

Story threads, callbacks, and familiar faces (Hey, it's that guy!)

• Continuing the ongoing saga about the timelines of the dramatic TV series and the real-life calendar, Toby says two things in the opening scene: that they've been in office 15 months, and that it's been three months since Mendoza got on his "radar screen." The 15 months is just about right for an episode airing in early April (with the inauguration in January 1999, the 15-month mark would be April 20). However, The Short List (where Mendoza was introduced to everyone, especially Toby) aired in November, making it about five months since Toby would have begun work on the confirmation.

• We clearly see a fire burning in the Mural Room fireplace. Keep that in mind, as this might pay off in a scene down the line.

• The Secret Service agent called "Mike," who is on Zoey's detail with Gina at Georgetown and is in the briefing led by Ron Butterfield, is played by Kenneth Choi. You might recognize him from Captain America: The First Avenger.

• Jeff Breckenridge is played by Carl Lumbly (Cagney & Lacey, The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai, the Justice League TV series, Supergirl).

• We learn Josh's dad Noah was a partner at the law firm DeBevoise and Plimpton (a real law firm, where the episode posits Breckenridge met Josh's father while working there as a summer associate while in law school), and that he died the night of the Illinois primary (this is Aaron Sorkin laying some groundwork for an upcoming story). We also learn Josh's grandfather had been a prisoner at the Birkenau concentration camp during World War II (and we get a look at a picture, apparently of Josh and his grandfather).

DC location shots    

• There are no DC location shots in this episode.

References to real people   

• PBS news anchor Jim Lehrer can be seen on the television behind Leo in his office.

• Sam mentions Shakespeare in his rave review of CJ's rendition of "The Jackal."

• Speaking of "The Jackal", it's a real song, recorded by Ronny Jordan (with vocals by Dana Bryant) and released in 1993.

• Donna compares her poor handwriting to surrealist artist Salvador Dali.

• Breckenridge brings up Special Field Order Number 15, the basis for "40 acres and a mule" issued by General William Sherman during the Civil War. He also mentions President Andrew Johnson, who rescinded the order.

• Ron Butterfield mentions the Smithsonian in his briefing to the Secret Service agents, which was originally funded by the estate of British scientist James Smithson.

• President Bartlet is reading Rules of Civility & Decent Behavior in Company and Conversation, a list of maxims copied and published by a young George Washington.

End credits freeze frame: Toby opening the champagne at the Mendoza celebration.

The White House Pro-Am - S1E17

Original airdate: March 22, 2000

Written by: Lawrence O'Donnell Jr. (6) & Paul Redford (3) and Aaron Sorkin (16)

Directed by: Ken Olin (2)


Synopsis

• A trade bill's future in Congress is threatened by a Democratic amendment addressing international child labor issues, and President Bartlet's naming of a Federal Reserve chairman after the incumbent dies is made more difficult after a leak to the press. It turns out the First Lady is behind both of these complications, leading to an Oval Office confrontation between Jed and Abbey. Meanwhile, the budding relationship between Charlie and Zoey hits a snag over Secret Service concerns for their safety.

"No, no 'however.' Just be wrong. Just stand there in your wrongness and be wrong, and get used to it."

Marriage between two intelligent, strong-willed, motivated, powerful people can provide rich storytelling fodder. You have two people, each with the drive and power to turn events in the direction they want; yet at the same time, conflict can erupt when the interests of these strong personalities don't coincide. The depth of these relationships is revealed in the solutions to those conflicts - how each partner can work towards their goals while at the same time respecting and supporting the other. And when these strong personalities have the humility and the good humor to admit their mistakes, you strike dramatic gold.

And that leads us to this episode. President Bartlet continues to drive his administration's agenda, this time with the assured passage of a long-sought-after trade bill. In the meantime, he gets the unexpected task of naming a new chairman to the Federal Reserve Board when the current chairman dies suddenly. Abbey, in her turn, has landed on the cause of fighting the international exploitation of child labor, making television appearances and speaking engagements to focus attention on this issue. Add to that the fact that the obvious choice for a new Fed chair, Ron Erlich, used to be Abbey's boyfriend.

So where do we find the clash, the dramatic conflict? Abbey's focus on child labor spurs a Democratic congresswoman to offer an amendment to the trade bill, one that addresses child exploitation - and one that would torpedo any hope of getting the bill through Congress. Then, "sources close to the First Lady" leak a story to the press indicating her support for Erlich as Fed chairman, a sly move that essentially cuts the legs out from under the President and forces his hand. These two tracks collide in the Oval Office near the end of the episode, as Jed and Abbey have it out in their first real argument we see as First Couple.

It's a doozy. Stockard Channing is tremendous, with a bite and suppressed anger behind her line delivery revealing her hurt from a husband avoiding her on important topics ("You staffed me out? [...] "Don't handle me, Jed."). Channing was nominated for a Supporting Actress nomination for this season, but amazingly, this episode wasn't one included in her submission (The State Dinner and He Shall, From Time To Time ... were her two offered episodes). Jed, on his part, realizes he passed the buck to CJ and his staff (and even made an effort to strong arm Danny out of a source) because he wanted to avoid a direct confrontation with his wife - a confrontation he's having now, anyway.

But in the end, it's the respect and affection Jed and Abbey have for each other that brings the argument to a close. Abbey admits she shouldn't have leaked the story supporting Erlich, realizing the move weakened Jed politically. Jed concludes he still has a bit of jealousy over Abbey's continued friendship with Erlich, even after 30-plus years of marriage, which caused him to delay his announcement. As it turns out, Abbey had already gone to the congresswoman to convince her to drop the amendment, and Jed drops the fact that he was going to name Erlich all along. It's top-notch acting by Channing and Martin Sheen that gives us the real vibe of the Bartlet relationship, and the end of the scene is wonderful; Jed and Abbey, giving credit to each other while admitting where they went wrong, walking out of the Oval Office with the President gently wrapping Abbey's jacket around her shoulders:

Let's touch on the episode title, as plenty of people are confused by the "Pro-Am" part. It's the clash between the professional, forward-looking, plan-three-steps-ahead political moves of the West Wing and the president's staff (the "pro" part) contrasted with the act-first/think-later, freewheeling, "go after what you want and we'll deal with the consequences" process of the First Lady and her staff (the "am" part). Sam addresses that directly in his discussion with Abbey in Lilli Mays' office:

Abbey: "We're thoroughly professional."

Sam: "No, ma'am, I don't think you are. [...] I believe that you are prone to amateur mistakes."

The writers here, I believe, try to build a parallel between the relationship of Jed and Abbey and that of Charlie and Zoey - both in how the partners interact and respect each other and in the "pro-am" aspect of the episode. It doesn't quite work; we don't have nearly the investment in Charlie-Zoey as we do in the First Couple, and Charlie's huff after the Secret Service shoots down their plans to go to a club opening doesn't feel like that character anyway. He takes their security concerns as a personal affront, even a racial one ("If it's a problem for the Secret Service I'm black--" he tells Danny, causing Danny to reply, "I don't think the problem is you're black, I think the problem is you're stupid."). In any event, you've definitely got Charlie acting like the "amateur" in this duo, with Zoey's reluctant yet understanding agreement with the Secret Service assessment of the situation more "professional."

Just like the Bartlets, it all works out in the end. Charlie takes Danny's words about being "totally hassle-free" for Zoey, showing up at her dorm with flowers and a video, satisfied to spend the evening in (and safe). Speaking of the dorm, wherever they filmed that scene at, it really looks like a dorm hallway of the time:

On to the rest of the episode. The trade bill (the Global Free Trade Markets Access Act, or G.F.T.M.A.A for short, lol) is finally on its way to passage, after being worked on for seven years and three administrations. Even though the bill is set to pass the House by 15 votes, Josh enlists a reluctant Toby to help him convince three liberal Democratic "no" voters to change their votes. Josh's goal is to run up the score, thereby convincing more members of the liberal wing of the Democratic party to get more enthusiastic and supportive of the Bartlet administration. Now, this particular part of the plot ends up being dropped without a conclusion, but not before we see the work of the comedy team of Lyman & Ziegler. Toby really isn't interested in helping Josh "run up the score:"

Toby: "There was a victory, and we're the victors, and I'm not going in there, hat in my hand -"

Josh: "No one's asking you to."

Toby: "YOU'RE asking me to!"

Josh: "No, we're going to do good cop, bad cop."

Toby: "No, we're really not."

Josh: "Why not?"

Toby: "Cause this isn't an episode of Hawaii Five-O. How about you be the good cop, I be the cop that doesn't go to the meeting?"

But Toby goes along, eating his White House-branded M&Ms:

And making his snide remarks to the congresspeople in the meeting, causing Josh to call him out:

Josh: "This, right here - this is why you have a reputation as a pain in the ass."

Toby: "I cultivated that reputation."

Josh: "Could I get you to try harder in there?"

Toby: "Sure, cause right now I'm not trying at all."

It turns out, though, that the White House might need those extra votes. The episode began with Abbey on TV, talking with a 14-year-old boy who started a charity to help children in other countries who are forced into essential slavery to pay off family debts. This focus by the First Lady on child labor issues inspires Rep. Becky Reeseman to offer an amendment to the trade bill addressing child labor in connection with international trade - a change that would doom the bill. As mentioned above, this move by Reeseman (with implicit approval from the First Lady) already has Bartlet's staff up in arms with those in the First Lady's office.

Then, the unplanned. Bernie Dahl, Chairman of the Federal Reserve, dies of a heart attack. President Bartlet needs to name a replacement quickly to calm the financial markets:

President: "Market's gonna open 200 points down."

Leo: "If we're lucky."

President: "When was the last time we were lucky?"

Leo: "Super Tuesday."

However, the obvious choice for the post, Ron Erlich, used to date Abbey (for nine months, about 30 years ago), and the President isn't thrilled about that prospect:

President: "I'm not ready to jump into bed with Ron Erlich yet, making me one of the few people in my family who can say that."

He wants to put off the announcement for a day while he mulls it over, telling the Communications Office to use "respect" as the excuse - which brings us back to the Lyman & Ziegler comedy roast:

Toby: "We are waiting a day to make our announcement out of respect, Josh."

Josh: "For whom?"

Toby: "The dead."

Josh: "Ah."

Toby: "And how I wish I were one of them."

Josh: "You're gonna love this meeting."

Toby: "Betcha I'm not."

So it's the twin complications of a child labor amendment to the trade bill and the media leak supporting Erlich that have the West Wing staff up in arms, and Jed doing his best to avoid talking to Abbey about it. Once Sam and Abbey have a talk (where, as mentioned above, Sam lets her know in no uncertain terms that she's playing out of her league), the First Lady goes to Rep. Reeseman to convince her to drop the amendment, then Jed admits he was going to name Erlich to the post all along (he just didn't want it to look like he was pushed into it by his wife).

You could look at this episode as a story of couples: Jed and Abbey, the true power couple, working out how they mesh together and who gets the priority (spoiler alert: it will be the leader of the free world), but also figuring out how each one can help and support the other in their goals; Charlie and Zoey, fumbling their way through a new relationship, with added complexities of their interracial status as well as her fame as First Daughter; and even Josh and Toby, the bickering comedy duo throwing humorous verbal daggers at each other (okay, not really, but they are pretty funny). It certainly adds to the world-building of The West Wing universe and creates a lot of depth for us in the future. All the while, setting up the big climax that's coming in the season finale.


Tales Of Interest!

- Again, to go into the title, a Pro-Am is a sporting term for a tournament that matches professional players with amateurs, oftentimes celebrities. Perhaps the best known is the Pebble Beach Pro-Am, a golf tournament created by Bing Crosby in 1937. Through the years pro golfers such as Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods and Jordan Spieth have played alongside amateurs like Bob Hope, Clint Eastwood and Bill Murray.

- Still no sign of Mandy. While she at least got a mention in the previous episode, here there's nothing, which seems odd for the second-billed star of the show (okay, perhaps third, including Sheen). What's also interesting is that the show doesn't seem to suffer from her absence. Hmm ... perhaps this should have been under foreshadowing.

- I think the writers are trying to make a comparison between the Global Free Trade Markets Access Act and the real-life NAFTA enacted in 1994. The fact they "condense" the bill into the clunky and unpronounceable G.F.T.M.A.A. not once, but twice, is the basis of my belief.

- The character of Lilli Mays (as played by Nadia Dajani) is a lively foil for Sam and a strong member of Abbey's team. While we'll see the First Lady's Chief of Staff in the future, it won't be Lilli, which is kind of too bad because I think she made an impression in this episode. On the other hand, how much time is there to include stories about the First Lady's staff in this show? Not much.

- We're back to CND as the cable news network of choice (I still don't know what that's supposed to stand for, except for being one letter away from CNN). What we do discover is that at least CND's morning news show originates from Rockefeller Center in New York - not-so-coincidentally the same place the real-life NBC is based. Toby also tells Sam to change the TV to "channel 5" when news of Bernie Dahl's death breaks; while the TV shows a report from station WKPJ, Channel 5 in Washington DC is Fox affiliate WTTG (WKPJ is a religious radio station in Athens, Georgia). Also, Roger Salier, the name of the reporter on WKPJ, is apparently played by Ivan Allen, who we've previously seen several times as a news anchor on CND.

- One of the toughest things for directors, editors, and continuity people to handle in filming a movie or TV series would be a clock onscreen. Without taking extreme care to make the times match during different takes, it would be easy to edit a scene with varying times appearing on the clocks in the background. We get that here, in the gym scene between Sam and Rep. Reeseman. When we first see the clock, it reads 12:34:

After cutting to Sam, when the camera cuts back to Reeseman the clock now reads 12:33:

The third and final time we see it, the clock is back to 12:34, actually changing to 12:35 right after the cut:

- A shout-out to director Ken Olin and his cinematographer; some great choices of shots in this episode, particularly (for me) Leo and the President discussing how to handle naming of a replacement Fed chairman. Both actors are shot in shadow, with the brightly lit Oval Office behind them and the guard outside the window (obviously light and shadow are always key parts of The West Wing "look"):

- Oh, the list of cities Jed recalls for his "late night talks" with Danny: Ames, IA; Tulsa; Skokie; Center City; Tallahassee; Albany; San Antonio; Jasper, WY; Wichita. Ames is interesting, considering Iowa's early first-in-the-nation presidential caucuses (plus, I live in Iowa, so, yay!). Center City is not really any city anywhere, only a small town of about 700 in Minnesota (although there is a Center City section of Philadelphia). Jasper, Wyoming, apparently doesn't exist at all (unlike Casper, which is the second-largest city in the state) - the only other reference to Jasper, WY, I could find is in a 2017 episode of the TV series Supernatural.

- Okay, something that comes up a lot with this episode. We've already learned in Five Votes Down that Jed and Abbey have been married for 32 years, so since about 1967. In the midst of the argument about her relationship with Erlich, Abbey says she dated him for six months 30 years ago ("It was nine months!" responds Jed). It seems unlikely to the point of impossibility that Abbey was dating someone else after she married Jed; I contend it's probable she's rounding to a convenient number during the argument, and her dating of Erlich happened before the Bartlets were wed. Even so - it couldn't have been very long before, so the shadow of that dalliance might have been over the wedding itself. It might explain why Jed's still kind of jealous three decades afterwards.

Quotes    

President (after regaling CJ and Leo about economic theories and GDP growth rates): "Do you understand what I'm saying?"

Leo: "CJ doesn't understand a word you're saying."

CJ: "I understand the oeuvre. I get the basic, mise-en-scene, of what you're saying."

(Leo and the President exchange knowing looks)

CJ: "I really don't understand anything."  

-----

Sam: "She was inspired by the First Lady. She thought this morning there were trumpets, and she doesn't want to -"

Toby: "There were trumpets?"

Sam: "The trumpet called, the trumpets, sounded?"

Toby: "What the hell goes on at that gym?"

-----

Danny: "Mr. President, did you call me in here to see if I knew who the sources were close to the First Lady?"

President: "I was - going to ... in a - proper, gentlemanly, even --"

Leo: "Byzantine."

President: "--way."

Story threads, callbacks, and familiar faces (Hey, it's that guy!)

• GOING BACK - I mentioned in Celestial Navigation that Josh has a Wesleyan University coffee mug on his desk. Turns out Bradley Whitford is actually a graduate of Wesleyan, so that's a little shout-out to his alma mater.

• The unnamed congressman leading the delegation of liberal Democrats being pestered by Josh and Toby is played by Richard Fancy. You've seen him, he's appeared in many, many TV shows and movies, but he's perhaps best known as Elaine's boss Mr. Lippman in Seinfeld.

• Congresswoman Becky Reeseman is played by Amy Aquino (Brooklyn Bridge, Picket Fences, Bosch).

• We discover some more information about the history of The West Wing universe. While the most recent real-life President we've being referred to is LBJ, it's generally thought the TV timeline diverged from reality somewhere around the Nixon administration. In fact, it could be fanwanked that, in this version, Nixon's resignation led to a presidential election in 1974, from that point offsetting the election cycles two years from reality (resulting in the election Bartlet won in 1998). It's said here the trade bill has been worked on for seven years and three presidents - that means the administration prior to Bartlet's, in 1995-99, was only a one-term president. That also means, in turn, that Leo's time as Secretary of Labor (at the same time he entered rehab in 1993) came during the administration prior to the one defeated by Bartlet. So he could have served under a Democrat - I had previously theorized Bartlet's election came after a two-term Republican presidency, meaning Leo served under a GOP president, but this information eliminates any chance of a two-term president serving immediately before Bartlet.

• Once again Aaron Sorkin and the writers beat us over the head with President Bartlet's poor polling numbers. Even from Pilot, when Mandy told Josh a new poll showed the President's unfavorables at 48 percent, throughout this first season there's continual talk about the polls just not turning in his favor. Even Lilli has to drag Sam about it:

Sam: "Your guy's married to our guy and our guy won an election. Just something you and your people are going to have to get used to."

Lilli: "Your guy has a 48 percent approval rating, my guy's at 61. And bite me."

Sam: "Ah. Point well argued."

I hate to bring this up again, but look at what President Bartlet has accomplished since we first saw him in September: a gun-control law; hate crimes legislation; changes to the census; a huge budget surplus; banking reform; protection of the Big Sky reserve; not to mention in this episode not only is a long-sought-after trade bill on the verge of easy passage, we also learn Bernie Dahl is considered the architect of "the longest peace time economic expansion in history." It's hard to square all this with an administration struggling to get their agenda through. It feels more like a dramatic device Sorkin is using so he can have the President change direction and focus and strike out on a more independent path (spoiler alert: that's coming in a couple of episodes). 

• We've had zero mention of Jed's MS since it was revealed in He Shall, From Time To Time ... Are the writers trying to plug in a little reference in this wordplay between Jed and Abbey after their argument?

Abbey: (talking about Charlie and Zoey in the dorm) "I'd say in about an hour the lights will be out, there'll be a sock on the doorknob --"

President: "Don't finish that sentence, I'm a man of questionable health."

Now, we do know the President suffers from other issues (back trouble, for one), so perhaps this is not a direct MS reference. But I think it probably is. 

• FORESHADOWING: Danny's description of events to Charlie turns out somewhat true in the season finale, although it's not Danny who bears the brunt of the outcome:

Danny: "Look, the Hardy Boys in these letters they're talking about, they may be heavily armed but I wouldn't put a lot of money on their marksmanship. One of these days they're going to miss her and hit me."

DC location shots    

• There are no DC location shots in this episode.

References to real people    

• Lilli mentions Henry Clay when she's trying to convince Sam to not have President go to Congress to negotiate.

• TV personality Larry King is mentioned.

• Places named after real people include Johns Hopkins Medical Center and Rockefeller Center.

• Donna is reading a book written by Leigh Rutledge about life in America 100 years ago, a book that Leo is seen looking at later in the episode. This is almost certainly a reference to the 1996 book When My Grandmother Was A Child, describing life in 1900 America.

• Danny mentions the Hardy Boys, a book series created by Edward Stratemeyer.

• Product placement: In addition to Toby's White House M&Ms, we have references to automakers Toyota, Ford, and Range Rover. There's also clearly a can of Pepsi on the desk during the discussions between Josh, Toby, and the congresspeople.

End credits freeze frame: Sam, Josh, and Toby discussing the trumpets sounding to encourage Rep. Reeseman's amendment to the trade bill.