The Crackpots And These Women - TWW S1E5

Original airdate: October 20, 1999

Written by: Aaron Sorkin (5)

Directed by: Anthony Drazan (1)

Synopsis (from Wikipedia, with some additions)

• The staff members participate in Leo's "Big Block of Cheese" Day, when they meet with fringe special-interest groups who normally cannot get attention from the White House. Toby and the President clash on several issues, from cheating at basketball to the recent gun bill to domestic policy. Josh receives a card from the National Security Council and later learns he is the only senior staff member (other than Leo) who will receive protection or security in the event of a nuclear attack. The President's daughter Zoey arrives at the White House, so the President holds a celebratory chili supper for the members of the inner circle. 

A tale of two episode-ettes:

"I couldn't live without you, Toby. I mean it. I'd be in the tall grass. I'd be in the weeds."

-----

President: "We were talking about these women."

Josh: "Yeah?"

Leo: "We can't get over these women."

-----

This is one of the more polarizing early episodes for fans of The West Wing. For the most part, it's a tightly wound episode with lots of meaty backstory for our characters. It provides some important background into the relationship between President Bartlet and Toby, who feud throughout the episode over greatness versus practicality. We also have insight into Josh's personal history and serious survivor's guilt, something that pays off with great depth in his story for next season. And of course, it's the first "Big Block of Cheese" Day, a fan favorite as Leo brings in special-interest groups to plead their cases to the staff. That's the "Crackpots" part of the title.

On the other hand, the "These Women" share of the episode lands with kind of a thud. I don't recall having much of a reaction to this during the original run back in 1999, but when I re-watched the episode on my first go-round a couple of years ago, much of that final scene was pretty awful, in retrospect. Aaron Sorkin took a lot of grief (deserved or not) over his writing for women, and his treatment of female characters, and this last bit of this episode almost seems like his over-the-top apology to those critics. It's just so ... hamfisted. It rings hollow and it sounds silly coming from these characters.

So let's delve into this to start with. Throughout the first episodes of the season, the senior staff has been shown to be almost entirely male (with the exception of CJ, of course - and Mandy, who I almost forgot, not without good reason). Meanwhile, almost all the support staff is female (Donna, Margaret, Mrs. Landingham, Carol, Kathy), carrying out the stereotypical secretarial duties while the men do the important stuff. This in and of itself isn't wrong, or inaccurate - but in a fictional universe that wants us to be better than we are in reality, it might be nice to steer things away from stereotype. Indeed, later we're going to see characters like the Surgeon General and President Bartlet's national security adviser being played by women, not to mention a strong Emmy-winning character in Stockard Channing's First Lady, while the roles CJ and Donna play get fleshed out and grow more important.

But Sorkin's reaction here in episode 5 is to basically have a scene where the President, Leo, and Josh gawk at the women and remark about how great they are. I mean, this is cringeworthy, in a lot of ways:

Leo: "We can't get over these women."

President: "Look at CJ. She's like a fifties movie star, so capable, so loving and energetic."

Leo: "Look at Mandy over there. Going punch for punch with Toby in a world that tells her to sit down and shut up. Mandy's already won her battle with the President, the game's over. But she's not done. She wants Toby."

President: "Mrs. Landingham. Did you guys know she lost two sons in Vietnam? What would make her want to serve her country is beyond me, but in 14 years she's not missed a day's work, not one. There's Kathy, Donna, Margaret ..."

It just seems to me Sorkin could have found a lot of better, more artful ways to answer his critics. In fact, just the very topic of a female in a position of some power not having everything she needs to do her job is addressed quite well in Lord John Marbury later this season.

So, yeah. That bit hasn't aged well, and it does cause some differing opinions among The West Wing fans. Because a lot of people really look at this episode as one of their favorites, usually because of the "Big Block of Cheese" thing.

This is Leo's pet project. He wants to open up some White House staff time to talk to groups who may have a narrow interest, or would like the government to hear about a certain topic that doesn't generally get a lot of attention. The cheese part comes in because of Andrew Jackson, who had a huge block of cheese in the White House at one point during his Presidency, and would open up the doors to let the public in to help themselves to the cheese.

(Leo has some inaccuracies about the story. There's no evidence Jackson took advice or comments from the public as they chowed down on the cheese; the actual block was about 1400 pounds, not "over two tons;" and Thomas Jefferson actually was gifted a huge block of cheese well before Jackson's presidency).

We learn that Leo intends to have this happen the first of every month, yet it's only actually occurred twice in "twelve months" according to Toby (interesting, since the Bartlet administration only took office about nine months ago). Since Mandy is the new addition to the staff, let's hear how it's explained to her:

Toby: "It's throw-open-our-office-doors-to-people-who-want-to-discuss-things-that-we-could-care-less-about day."

Mandy: "Well, that sounds goofy, doesn't it."

Sam: "It's not so bad. You talk to them for a minute, you give them a souvenir pen with the Presidential seal on it ..."

Mandy: "Isn't this a waste of time?"

Margaret: "Oh, it's definitely a waste of time, but it's one of Leo's pet office policies."

So, the two Big Block stories we get here are CJ learning about Pluie the wolf, and Sam finding out about a possible UFO from a fellow from the United States Space Command. The story about Pluie has a basis in fact, as a wolf whose travels around the Rocky Mountains were tracked and studied by scientists. Here, though, a group is trying to convince CJ to have the government commit $900 million to build a "wolf highway" between Yellowstone National Park and the Yukon Territory, to help wolves travel in safety instead of encountering dangerous roadways, towns, and people.

Oh, and one of the people talking about Pluie is played by Nick Offerman, who you probably recognize as Ron Swanson in Parks and Recreation.

Sam gets Bob Engler from Space Command, who says the White House needs to pay more attention to UFOs, and mentions a mysterious object being tracked in space over the Pacific Ocean at this very moment. Here we get a first look at Sam's office, by the way: He has quite a collection of baseball caps (including one from the Department of Justice), a Muhammad Ali poster, a Los Angeles Lakers jersey (since Sam is from California), and a Naval Jack.

Also, if you remember Sam's comment to Mandy about handing out pens, just look at what's on his desk when he's coming in to talk to Engler.

All ready to hand out. Little details like this just make me love this show even more.

Let's not forget the debut of Bartlet's daughter Zoey, played by Elisabeth Moss (Mad Men, The Handmaid's Tale). She's coming down from Hanover, New Hampshire, to look for housing before she starts at Georgetown for the spring semester in January. In honor of her visit, the President excitedly spouts, "I'm gonna make chili!"

President: "Hey, listen up, everybody. Zoey's down from Hanover, I'm making chili for everyone tonight."

Staffers: (murmuring) "Great. Chili. Okay."

President: "All right. You know what, let's do this. Everybody look down at the big seal in the middle of my carpet. Now, everybody look back up at me. Zoey's coming down from Hanover and I'm making chili for everyone tonight."

Staffers: (energetically) "That's great! I love chili! Terrific!"

President: "There, you see how benevolent I can be when everybody just does what I tell them to do? Now, sit down."

This is the first mention of Zoey; in Pilot President Bartlet talks about a 12-year-old granddaughter he has by one daughter, but Zoey is obviously not that daughter (we will find out later that the Bartlets have three daughters in all). Zoey is a key part of The West Wing throughout the Sorkin years and into Season 5, but she kind of drifts away after that. A big part of her story is a developing romantic relationship with Charlie - here they've just met in the kitchen, and are tampering with Jed's chili recipe together.

Let's move on to Josh. He gets a visit from a fellow from the National Security Council, who gives him a card with directions to follow in the event of a nuclear attack. Obviously, in order to keep the government running, top officials would be swept away in Air Force 1 or taken to a bunker in the event of war. We get to see Josh's incredibly overstuffed wallet as he sticks the card in there. He's got to have serious back issues with that thing in his back pocket.

Josh unfortunately first takes this news to mean everybody in the West Wing has such a card, including Donna and other staffers. He quickly figures out that's not the case, but it takes him longer to realize he's the only senior staffer (except for Leo) who's on this list - not Toby, not CJ, not Sam.

That has a serious affect on him, so much so that he returns to his psychiatrist "Stanley" (who he has seen before, but he hasn't been there for 10 months, which would have been prior to the inauguration). And now we discover that as a young boy, he escaped a fire that killed his older sister, who was babysitting him at the time. It's quickly obvious Josh is suffering from survivor's guilt, and much of his life and drive is based on making amends for what he feels like was having a hand in the death of his sister. As I mentioned above, this background for Josh is going to play out with great impact in Season 2, and Bradley Whitford will earn an Emmy for it.

Too bad his wallet couldn't win an Emmy, too.

At the end of the episode, Josh decides to turn in his card (I don't know if that would even be allowed, but whatever). He gives a stirring speech to the President and Leo, with high-minded selflessness (not to mention that healthy dose of guilt, which showed through in his earlier conversations about the card with Sam and CJ):

"I want to be a comfort to my friends in tragedy, and I want to be able to celebrate with them in triumph, and for all the times in between I just want to be able to look them in the eye."

Then, of course, to fit into the theme of the episode, he nearly ruins it all:

"I want to be with my friends, my family, and these women." 

These women. Again.

Finally, the biggest plotline, Toby and the President. It starts right with the cold open, as Jed and his staffers are playing a little pick-up basketball game (right on Pennsylvania Avenue! Oh, those pre 9/11 days). Toby can't resist poking at the President with some trash talk - of course, trash talk in The West Wing has a certain panache ...

"After you're gone, and the poets write 'The Legend of Josiah Bartlet,' let them write you as a tragic figure, sir. Let the poets write that he had the tools for greatness, but the voices of his better angels were shouted down by his obsessive need to win."

The President responds here by bringing out a former Duke basketball star, Rodney Grant (played by NBA player Juwan Howard, who was with the Washington Wizards at the time, so he was nearby), who joins the President's team for game point against the squad of Toby, Josh and Charlie. (We also learn the President cheated at mixed doubles tennis against Toby and CJ by playing with Steffi Graf). Rodney immediately rejects Toby's shot ...

...prompting Bartlet's great comeback to Toby:

"Let the poets write about that there, Byron."

You also have to love the moment where Toby is chewing out Bartlet about bringing in a ringer, and the President is actually hiding behind the tall basketball star.

That's so cute! And the game serves as a lighthearted introduction to some conflict between Toby and the President, but boy, does it grow throughout the episode. Toby's remark about the President's "better angels" being "shouted down" by practical expediency comes up again and again, from the President wishing to avoid talking about the weaknesses of the gun control bill passed in Five Votes Down, to the decision to attend a Hollywood fundraiser hosted by a maker of gratuitously violent and sexual films. Toby serves as a gadfly to the President here, almost as if he's the little conscience sitting on Bartlet's shoulder trying to talk him into doing the right thing for the right reasons.

Of course this doesn't sit well with the President, and he spends a lot of the episode being irritated at Toby. At a practice for an upcoming press conference, we get this:

President: "Ah, Mr. Ziegler, from the Coney Island Killjoy, you have a followup?"

Toby: "You're gonna take that question. You're lucky enough to get the question, you're gonna blow it off?"

President: "Yes."

Toby: "Due respect, sir, may I ask why?"

President: (sarcastically) "Cause I'm weak-willed and stupid."

And just a bit later, in the back area of the press room:

CJ: "Good morning, Mrs. Landingham. Where are we in the saga of Toby and the President?"

Mrs. Landingham: "They seem to be having a, disagreement."

CJ: "A disagreement or an argument?"

Mrs. Landingham: "Well, it certainly has the potential -"

President: (shouting from the press room floor) "Oh, for God's sakes, Toby!" 

Mrs. Landingham: "There we go."

To add insult to injury, Mandy later lets Toby know that he wasn't the first choice for White House Communications Director, that David Rosen had turned the job down first. She means it as a compliment (she's saying Toby is far better than Rosen ever would have been), but Toby never knew he wasn't Bartlet's first pick. Considering the recent conflicts between him and the President, this adds another layer of grievance for Toby.

But we do get a great scene between the two at the end of the episode, calling back to Toby's trash talk at the start and proving that regardless of who was the first choice, Toby was the right choice.

President: "I couldn't live without you, Toby. I mean it. I'd be in the tall grass. I'd be in the weeds. I know I disappoint you sometimes. I mean I can sense your disappointment. And I only get mad because I know you're right a lot of the times. But you are not the kid in the class with his hand up, and whatever it was you said to CJ. You are a wise and brilliant man, Toby. The other night, when we were playing basketball, did you mean what you said? My demons were shouting down the better angels in my brain?"

Toby: "Yes, sir, I did."

President: "You think that's what's keeping me from greatness?"

Toby: "Yes."

President: "I suppose you're right."

Toby: "Tell you what, though, sir, in a battle between a President's demons and his better angels, for the first time in a long while I think we just might have ourselves a fair fight."

Toby as the moral center of The West Wing universe is one of the overriding themes of the entire series, and it really takes hold here. It's going to help win him an Emmy for In Excelsis Deo later this season, it's going to come through (intermittently, to be honest) with <SPOILER ALERT> fatherhood, and it justifies and enlightens his overall prickly personality. There's quite a turn with what goes on with Toby in the post-Sorkin years (a character move that I understand didn't go over well with Richard Schiff), but you can almost paint his actions in the last two seasons as being aligned with this sense of morality and doing what's right, regardless of the consequences. We'll talk about that down the road.

So much to like in this episode. That ending, though ... doesn't age well.

Things to think about:

- We've got the iconic, stirring, orchestral version of the theme song! Finally! Composer W.G. "Snuffy" Walden actually talks about this in an episode of The West Wing Weekly podcast. As I've mentioned, the theme didn't appear in Pilot, because they hadn't settled on one yet. Once Walden came up with the theme, he didn't have time to get it fully orchestrated and recorded, so for episodes 2-4 it was a version he basically played himself electronically. But by now, it's all done and fully fleshed out. I've got it for my ringtone, by the way.

- There's a couple of mentions of press coverage of the First Lady and her Ouija board. Once we meet Stockard Channing as Abbey Bartlet in The State Dinner, you'd have a hard time believing she ever used a Ouija board - of course this is a callback to Nancy Reagan and her astrologer.

- While practicing for the press conference, when the President answers a question from Sam he refers to "Helen," as one of the White House reporters. This would be a shoutout to longtime White House correspondent Helen Thomas, who reported from the press room for nearly 40 years and often traditionally got to deliver the first question during briefings.

- I mentioned Josh's big wallet. How about his big coat? We first saw it when he went to hire Mandy in "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc" ... nothing really says late 1990s like an oversized men's coat.

- While West Wing fans usually think of Leo's Big Block of Cheese day being an annual thing, it's clearly stated that the goal is to do it on the first of every month (and they've only done it twice so far, about nine months into Bartlet's term). So this episode should be around the first of the month, right? On Sam's desk, his calendar/planner is open to the 16th.

- Product placement this week: Sam is reading USA Today (the President is later reading the Washington Post, but that's almost a given); Toby has a cup from Roasters On The Hill coffeeshop (which doesn't apparently exist anymore, although the Library of Congress has a photo of customers at that shop in 1990); President Bartlet is drinking a can of Barq's Root Beer when he hears Zoey is coming to visit.

Quotes    

Mandy: "Yes, and Mr. President, if you could further see clear to not answer that question like an economics professor with a big ol' stick up his butt, that would be good, too."

President: "I am an economics professor with a big old stick up my butt, but I'll do my best for you there, Mandy." 

Story threads, callbacks, and familiar faces (Hey, it's that guy!)

• There's Ginger! She's seen in the background a couple of times, including (of course) the "These Women" scene. She still hasn't had any lines, and her only credit is as "Kim," but it's good to see she's working.

• And there's Carol, this time actually working for CJ! She's been just doing odd jobs around the West Wing, I guess, but from now on she'll be CJ's assistant.

• Part of Josh's emotional issues are played out by his having "Ave Maria" stuck in his head, which he also plays while talking to CJ about the NSC card and then plays over the final scene at the chili party. He says it was his sister's favorite music. This connection to his childhood guilt and overall psychology will be referred to again.

• One of the conflicts between Toby and Mandy is about an upcoming trip to California "in a few weeks" and a pending fundraiser held by moviemaker Larry Posner. We do see a Presidential trip to California with a fundraiser that causes some conflicts, but it's not with Posner - that's in 11 episodes (20 Hours In L.A.) and therefore must not be the same trip we're talking about here.

• Toby learns that Bartlet first offered the Communications Director job to David Rosen, who turned it down to work for Salomon Brothers. "David Rosen" is also the character name of the Attorney General in Scandal, played by Joshua Malina (who will join the cast of The West Wing in Season 4).

• The President says Zoey is scouting off-campus housing before she starts at Georgetown in January. Later on this season we're going to see Zoey living in something that looks a lot like a dorm (with her Secret Service protection staying right across the hall). Also, Jed mentions Zoey's next four years in college ... she actually graduates at the end of Season 4 (Commencement - no spoiler alert with that episode title), so in truth, she spends 3 1/2 years at Georgetown.

• Rodney Grant, the basketball player, is revealed as having played at Duke ("He was in two Final Fours!" Toby exclaims, and a "two-time ACC Player of the Week" according to Sam). Interestingly enough, we will later discover Sam is a graduate of Duke Law School. As is my son, but that's neither here nor there. :)

• In his chili party speech about Zoey, President Bartlet says a couple of telling things.

"I hope that by the time we're done with our four years here, we'll have seen to it that every young person who chooses can go to college and beyond regardless of their economic status."

First of all, making college more affordable becomes a key policy point for the Bartlet administration. It's really developed during 20 Hours In America in Season 4, and is an underlying Bartlet policy during his term (although I believe in one of the later seasons, they actually give back part of their progress on college costs in negotiations with Republicans).

Secondly, "our four years here"? Isn't President Bartlet planning on running for re-election? His staff certainly is, as seen in the comments about Lloyd Russell's plans in Pilot. Perhaps Jed knows more about his future than his staff or we, the audience, do at this point. Is Sorkin starting to plant some health-related seeds here? Stay tuned.

End credits freeze frame - CJ listening to the tale of Pluie.

Five Votes Down - TWW S1E4

Original airdate: October 13, 1999

Teleplay by: Aaron Sorkin (4)
Story by: Lawrence O'Donnell Jr. & Patrick Caddell

Directed by: Michael Lehmann (1)

Synopsis

• A gun control bill the Bartlet administration desperately wants to pass in order to kick-start momentum stalls when five Democratic congressmen pull their support, causing Josh and Leo to twist arms and pull strings to try and get those votes back. Leo's marriage crumbles as his wife realizes his job comes first, and Leo also comes to a personal understanding with Vice President Hoynes. The staffers, especially Toby, deal with the fallout over financial disclosure reports. And don't forget the hilarious President Bartlet, loopy on his back pain meds! 

"We got what we deserved. It was hubris, and we got what we deserved."

Leo sums things up in two sentences, and hubris (as well as taking things for granted) indeed is the guiding force behind the events of Five Votes Down, another outstanding episode of The West Wing. All the main plot lines deal with the staffers going too far, disregarding warning signs and pressing ahead to win a particular point, without realizing their methods are going to cost them significantly in other areas.

This episode is heavy on the politics, the back-and-forth of getting laws passed and the horse-trading necessary in the process. It's not wonky in any way, really, but presented in a fast-paced yet easily followed manner. It's also kind of quaint, looking back from 2017 - it's a gun-control bill at stake here, something banning the sale of several types of weapons. Gun control doesn't even seem to be on the radar any more, as the Republicans and the NRA and the Supreme Court have pretty much sealed the deal with legislation in that direction. Instead, we're seeing moves in the other direction, towards more freedom to carry and the elimination of many gun and ammunition restrictions. So this particular bill is certainly a product of its time, and that sticks out a bit in our present.

The "sausage-making" details no doubt were provided in the story by Lawrence O'Donnell (a former legislative aide and committee staffer to Senator Patrick Moynihan, and yes, the same Lawrence O'Donnell you can see nightly on MSNBC) and Patrick Caddell (key aide in the Carter White House and pollster/strategist for Democratic presidential candidates between 1976 and 1992). But just as an example of the great entertainment value and skill from the entire cast and crew of The West Wing, check out the opening scene.

After President Bartlet's rip-roaring speech on the upcoming passage of an important gun-control bill - during which Leo and Josh discover the defection of five Democratic votes - there is one unbroken shot of the entire group making their way down flights of stairs and through the backside of the hotel to the waiting motorcade. Seriously, watch this. It's a thing of beauty, a nearly three-minute long single shot with all the major characters coming in and out delivering those Sorkin lines, as the camera operator films almost the entire thing walking backwards. Remember, one slip, one flubbed line, one wrong move by an extra, and you have to start from the beginning all over again. No doubt this was a long night of filming for the cast and crew. Plus we get this great shot of CJ looking calm:

Back to the story. The Bartlet team is desperate to get this bill through Congress and signed - it's been an implication throughout the first four episodes of the series that there hasn't been much of a honeymoon since the President took office about nine months ago, and the West Wing needs to get momentum going with some kind of significant win. Unfortunately, what they're trying to do (Josh in particular) is use the power of the White House to bully Democrats to support this bill, in order to enhance the power of the White House. It's kind of circular reasoning; if the Bartlet administration is lagging in approval ratings, what kind of muscle do they really have anyway?

Josh: "Sam, LBJ never would've taken this kind of crap from Democrats in Congress. He'd have said you're voting my way in exchange for which it is possible that I might remember your name, pal. We need to win. And I mean win. We need to take a curtain call and a victory lap, and that's how we get momentum. We get it by being tough and we give away nothing."

Josh puts the screws to Congressman Katzenmoyer of Wisconsin, telling him if he doesn't get back on board, the President will support a primary challenger to him next year. Katzenmoyer pleads that he only got 52 percent of the vote, and if the NRA comes down against him, he'll probably lose the seat to a Republican, but Josh is ruthless. Perhaps the windiness of the day has something to do with it.

(On a technical note, The West Wing would pack up cast and crew and go to DC a couple of times of year to get location shots that they would use throughout the season. I can't believe they were able to work very far ahead, though - Aaron Sorkin made it clear that by midseason he was barely getting scripts done in time to shoot them. But they weren't able to get location shots on a weekly basis, that's for sure.)

He then twists the arm of Christopher Wick, who won his seat thanks to Josh (it appears perhaps they might have been college friends?). Wick says he's standing up against the President just to get some attention, and it's working. All he wants is a round of golf or a game of chess with Bartlet, with some photographers on hand to record it all. (Another cinematographic trademark of The West Wing here - the camera spinning around Josh and Wick as Josh gets right after his old friend.)

The staffers all believe Rep. Tillinghouse of Texas is key to get back in the fold, and encourage Leo to go to Vice President Hoynes (also a Texan) to make it happen. If you recall from "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc", Leo just lectured Hoynes about who's in charge,and he made it clear it's not the VP. The last thing he wants to do is swallow his pride and ask Hoynes for a favor. So instead, Leo goes to Congressman Mark Richardson, a leader of the Congressional Black Caucus, and makes a serious tactical error by appealing to his sense of outrage about the gun deaths of African-Americans. Richardson believes the bill doesn't go nearly far enough to stop dangerous firearms, and rips into Leo for his playing of the race card.

Richardson (to Leo): "You write a law that can save some lives, I'll sign it. In the meantime, please don't tell me how to be a leader of black men. You look like an idiot."

Leo also has to deal with a personal crisis. Hashing things over with the staffers after the speech, he doesn't leave the White House until 2 am. This proves rather unfortunate, as he arrives home only to be reminded that he just forgot his wedding anniversary. His wife Jenny tries to deal the best she can, but Leo eventually comes clean with the fact that his job and this administration come first, ahead of his marriage.

Leo: "This is the most important thing I'll ever do, Jenny. I have to do it well."

Jenny: "It's not more important than your marriage."

Leo: "It is more important than my marriage right now. These few years while I'm doing this, yes, it's more important than my marriage." 

Toby's situation is played more light-heartedly, but if you really think about it, the poor guy takes a big hit in his wallet. It's financial disclosure time, where federal employees report the gifts and outside compensation they have received (Josh gets a lot of flak for an $1189 smoking jacket and a $345 cigarette holder, both from a female admirer). Toby bought $5000 of one tech stock about a year prior, which has now jumped to $125,000 in value (oh, yes, this was the era of the rocketing internet stocks, like Pets.com and so many others - in real life, this bubble was about to burst). The problem, however, is that most of this increase came immediately after Toby arranged for a friend of his to testify in front of a congressional committee about the future of internet stocks, which gives the impression that Toby set the whole thing up just to manipulate the price of the stock he bought. That's not the case, he claims (and it doesn't really seem like the show is implying he's done anything illegal), although it's never quite made clear exactly why Toby needed to arrange for this professor's testimony. Anyway, his hubris is thinking he doesn't need to worry about appearances. It's made clear that he does need to worry, though.

How does all this hubris end up? Well, Leo's marriage crashes, as his wife moves out. He also has to give in and go to Hoynes, who talks to Tillinghouse and brings him around to help pass the bill, based on the fact that a favor now will mean something when Hoynes becomes President - a move designed to set up Hoynes' next run for office in 8 (or is it 4?) years. And Sam's solution to Toby's problem has Toby reducing his salary to $1 for the next year, while selling off his stock - sure, it's $125,000 worth, but selling it all off at once is going to mean a huge capital gains tax hit ... so Toby, as he puts it, "just got screwed with my pants on."

There's quite a realization by the entire staff at the end of the episode that, while they got what thought they wanted in passage of HR 802, they didn't get what they really wanted - a landmark White House win to jump-start the Bartlet agenda. Instead, Hoynes is getting the lion's share of the credit for the bill's passage, both from the media and from the congressmen who were pushed around by Josh and Leo. Josh goes to Hoynes to congratulate him on the maneuvering, whereupon Hoynes tells him, "Welcome to the NFL." Leo has to come to grips with putting his job ahead of his personal life. And Toby - well, Toby will just have to keep his 1993 Dodge Dart and the 23 bucks in his pocket a little longer.

We also get an important insight into Leo. When he goes to see Hoynes, right after his wife has moved out, the Vice President can see something is up with Leo. Hoynes is incredibly supportive and helpful, quickly offering to go to Tillinghouse (having his own motives, as we will see) - but then sees through Leo's facade and asks about when he'd last been to an AA meeting. This is obviously not public knowledge - Leo makes the point that he can't go to any old meeting, given his sensitive position - so how exactly did Hoynes know? Well, the fact that Hoynes hosts his own weekly AA meetings also comes as a surprise to Leo, and maybe Hoynes is just able to identify a fellow alcoholic in his dark time. Or maybe it was the way Leo gratefully gulped the ice water Hoynes offered. At the very close of the episode, we see Leo making his way to the basement of the Old Executive Office Building to take part in the "card game."

Let's not miss the fact that we're treated to a scene of near slapstick in the Oval Office, in what's the funniest moment so far in this season of The West Wing. In the opening scene (Monday night), it's established President Bartlet has back pain issues that he takes medicine for, and Charlie is urging the pills onto him at the direction of the First Lady - causing the President to say "Those damn things make me goofy." (Chekov's pain pills, anyone?) On Wednesday morning, Leo informs the senior staff that the President is taking the morning off because of his back pain ... yet Jed shows up anyway, loopy on two kinds of painkillers, and turns a serious discussion about what to do with Toby's ethics issue into hilarity.

Leo: "Which did you take, sir, the Vicodin or the Percocet?"

President: "I wasn't supposed to take them both?" 

 Take a look at the reaction of the staff as the President makes his way into the Oval Office:

And here, after the President calls Sam "Toby," correcting his mistake with a hug:

And finally, after professing his love for everyone in the room and blessing Sam's idea that will cost Toby dearly financially, a hug for Toby as well:

Everybody, especially Martin Sheen, is spot-on in this scene, and it's just hilarious. Don't forget the way the scene ends:

President: "Before I go, please, let me just say this ... (sigh) ... I'm seriously thinking about getting a dog."

Leo: "Well, feel better, Mr. President."

President: "Maybe an Irish setter, Charlie, what do you think?" 

Some random things:

- There are phone booths in the background of the laundry area of the hotel after the speech. Sure, we still had phone booths in 1999, but it seems odd now.

- Another minor example of hubris: as the staffers are eating Chinese after the big speech, trying to figure out which representatives have bailed on 802 and how to deal with the perception, Mandy hits on using the financial disclosure releases to distract from the political fallout. The idea is none of them are financially well-off, so this will get the public on their side. Then Josh and Toby have disclosures that kind of go against that ...

- There's Carol! Apparently an assistant to Toby, as she drops by to give him a bit of information. The assistant's roles are still in flux (I think this is the first episode we don't see Kathy as Sam's assistant).

- John Spencer is heartbreaking as his wife moves out. "Call me before you go to sleep" - crushing.

- I've got to figure out the timing of all this: we know Mandy and Josh had a thing during the campaign. The campaign was over the previous November, when Bartlet won the election. Mandy mentions Josh's gifts from Sarah Wissinger came on July 3, and she broke up with Josh on July 9. That must mean July 9 of 1998, during the campaign - if they hadn't broken up until this year, that means they were still an item well after Bartlet took office, which really wouldn't make sense given the events of the first three episodes. But that would mean these financial disclosures were covering over a year, since this is the fall of 1999 and we're talking July 1998 ...

- Leo tells Jenny he's "five votes down" in the scene where she's walking out. By that time, they're only one vote down, as they've gotten Katzenmoyer, O'Bannon, LeBrandt and Wick back on board. Only Tillinghouse is left, and as Jenny mentions, Leo has a meeting set up with Hoynes later that evening to have him deal with Tillinghouse.

- Hoynes' AA meetings are pretty high-powered: three Senators, two Cabinet secretaries, a federal judge, two agency directors, and the Vice President. Plus a Secret Service agent guarding the door.

- This is one of two episodes submitted for Richard Schiff's Emmy win in 2000, along with In Excelsis Deo.

- Product placement in this episode: Harry Winston jewelers (with the pearl choker for Jenny); Dom (Perignon) and Cristal champagne; Pepsi and Diet Coke cans on the table with Chinese food (although mocked up with generic "Cola" markings, the Pepsi logo is clearly visible); a Dunkin Donuts box and Krispy Kreme cup in the press briefing room; Jed wears a Notre Dame sweatshirt made by Starter.

Quotes 

Girls: "We love you, Josh!"

Josh: "Thanks."

CJ: "It helps not to know him."

-----

CJ: "What's up?"

Josh: "I want you to look calm while I'm telling you this."

CJ: "Telling me what?"

Josh: "We lost five."

CJ: "What do you mean?"

Josh: "802 - Five votes jumped the fence."

CJ: (shocked) "Are you kidding me?!"

Josh: "Nice job looking calm." 

----- 

Josh (to Katzenmoyer): "President Bartlet's a good man. He's got a good heart. He doesn't hold a grudge. That's what he pays me for."

Donna: "Congressman Wick is waiting in the Mural Room."

Josh: "I know."

Donna: "He's been waiting for 20 minutes."

Josh: "I know."

Donna: "You have a legislative liaison meeting in 15 minutes."

Josh: "I know."

Donna: "And then the East Asia briefing."

Josh: "I know."

Donna: "All right, well, then this entire conversation served only as a reminder."

Josh: "Actually, it only served as a colossal waste of time and energy. Keep up the good work."

-----

Mandy: "Let's start at the bottom."

Sam: "What do you mean?"

Mandy: "There's always resignation."

President: "Hot damn, now you're talking!"

Toby: "I think she meant me, Mr. President."

President: "Ah." 

Story threads, callbacks, and familiar faces (Hey, it's that guy!)

• Jillian Armenante (Fresh Off The Boat, Judging Amy, many others) as Leela, Toby's attorney friend going over the financial disclosure stuff. 

• Mark Blum (NYPD Blue, Law & Order, Union Bob in Mozart In The Jungle, many others) as Congressman Katzenmoyer.

• We will find out later on that Josh actually worked with Hoynes for a while in his Presidential campaign. There's no real indication of that when Josh goes to see the Vice President after the vote here, and Hoynes' "Welcome to the NFL" line actually kind of works against the notion that Hoynes values Josh's work.
• Leo's house has changed in just a few weeks. Here is his house from Pilot: 

           And here is his house in this episode:

• Josh also compares the weak gun control bill to fighting tobacco by regulating the color of matchbook covers. Josh is going to take the lead in an anti-big tobacco charge down the road.
• For the first time we see President Bartlet in a Notre Dame sweatshirt. One of Martin Sheen's requirements for taking the role was that Jed had to be an ND alum.
• Look, it's newsman Ivan Allen again! I thought he was on CNN last week in A Proportional Response, but looking back it was the same as this week - something called "CND." (Cable News ... Dossier? Department? Destination? CND really makes no sense as a network name.)

• Hoynes' rather coy comment to Tillinghouse - "One day I'm going to be President, and you're not" - does that indicate some foreknowledge by Hoynes of Bartlet's future plans, which we're going to discover later this season? Or is he simply making the groundwork for a run in eight years? I suppose you can look at it either way.
• An internal thread: While Sam and Josh are enjoying beers at the post-speech strategy session/Chinese food bash, Leo asks Sam to "slide me a soda." Later, when he's having Margaret order gifts for his wife, he gives her two choices for champagne. She asks which one he likes and he replies "I don't drink champagne." A couple of subtle comments that are revealing when Hoynes asks him when his last AA meeting was.
• Josh's "fan club" is mentioned by CJ, then a group of young ladies call out to Josh as the group exits the hotel after the President's speech. We saw two female college students come up to Josh in the diner with Mandy in Pilot, and this notion of his appeal to the ladies will come up again.
• In his speech President Bartlet mentions having a "civil procedure professor." That's typically a class one would take in law school - but remember, Jed is a world-class economist, not a lawyer. When would he have taken a civil procedure class?
• It's only episode 4, and already Sorkin is taking a good-natured poke at his "walking and talking" scenes. Sam and Josh come out of the Oval Office and stroll through the West Wing, talking about deal making and Josh's financial disclosures, only to end with:

Sam: "Where are you going?"

Josh: "Where're you going?"

Sam: "I was following you."

Josh: "I was following you. (beat) All right. Don't tell anyone this happened." 

Aaargh! I'm So Forgetful!

I was certain I was going to wrap up something from "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc" in my talk about A Proportional Response. I had it toted up in my notes, all ready for placement ...

And then, boom. Forgot. Left out. Again.

It can't be just because I'm nearing my mid-50s, can it? I mean, sure, I forgot my wallet when I went to work last week. Twice. I end up going back to the grocery store because I don't get everything I meant to get. I thought the cats had taken my car keys and hid them someplace, when I had actually put them in a suitcase before a trip. But no, there's no pattern or anything.

Anyhoo ... I wanted to go back to some background information about President Bartlet that we learned in "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc". When Josh goes to hire Mandy (and Daisy, who then disappears, never to be seen again) he relates some biographical information about Jed; that he's a Nobel Laureate in Economics, he was a three-term Congressman and a two-term governor (we learn from Bartlet himself elsewhere in the episode that it was New Hampshire where he served as Congressman and governor).

Interesting fact about that economics Nobel ... that's not one of the original Nobel prizes established by Alfred Nobel. The prizes for physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and medicine are the ones created by Nobel's will in 1895, and first granted in 1901. There is a prize in economics awarded "in honor" of Alfred Nobel, but that was established in 1969 by Sweden's national bank. True, it is awarded under the auspices of the Nobel Foundation, and can be considered part of the Nobel Prize family ... but there are those who look askance at that particular award. Not least of which, the Nobel family themselves, who are not in favor of the economics award and are on record as asking the Foundation to stop awarding it. It's also seen as favoring mainstream free-market economic theories, instead of honoring new ways of thinking about economics or breaking ground in any way, so the award itself isn't very well regarded in certain fields of economics.

So, okay. Calling Bartlet a "Nobel Laureate in Economics" is technically correct, but it kind of creates more answers than questions. He is a well-regarded economist, okay? Which makes him an interesting choice for President in the first place, but in this universe they have Presidential elections in 1998, 2002 and 2006, so maybe the rules are different there.

In addition, we see CJ make a remark about the President's jokes really knocking them dead at the Whiffenpoof dinners. The Whiffenpoofs are a social club at Yale, so CJ's comment seems to imply Bartlet attended Yale at some point. I don't think there's ever any indication that this was the case - we will find out he did his undergraduate work at Notre Dame, and earned graduate degrees at the London School of Economics. No Yale, though.

---------- 

I also intended to draw a parallel from the world of A Proportional Response to the world of President Donald Trump. The entire notion of responding in a proportional way - as Bartlet puts it, "they hit an airplane, we hit a transmitter - they hit a barracks, we hit two transmitters" - was kind of reflected in Trump's first use of military force, sending cruise missiles to attack an airbase in response to Syria's use of chemical weapons on civilians.

The comparison is almost too apt. The target is Syria in both cases, fictional and actual. The talk of doing just what the enemy expects is spot on, as reports indicate the Syrians moved most aircraft and other equipment away from the targeted airbase before the American missiles hit. Now, we have no idea how President Trump might have reacted originally as far as what kind of attack scenarios he might have considered - the fact he lamented the deaths of "beautiful, innocent babies" in the chemical attacks might indicate he would have favored a much stronger retaliatory strike. But in the end, 50-some cruise missiles were sent to blow up areas around a runway, a runway which was back in use a day or so later.

It's crazy, isn't it, to consider that a work of television fiction from 1999 would still resonate down the years, to an actual use of military force now in 2017? Trust me, this isn't the first The West Wing story that we're going to see reflected in a current administration.

A Proportional Response - TWW S1E3

Original airdate: October 6, 1999

Written by: Aaron Sorkin (3)

Directed by: Marc Buckland (1)

Synopsis

• It's three days after the final events of "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc", and President Bartlet continues to call for a devastating military response against Syria, even as his generals and advisers recommend a more proportional retaliation. The West Wing staff is concerned about the President's rather personal response to the loss of his physician, as well as how the first use of military force by this administration will play with the American public. Charlie Young, who applied for a job as a messenger, is selected to be the President's new personal aide. And CJ has to cope with the revelation of Sam's relationship with Laurie, especially once she discovers a reporter has the story as well.

"What is the virtue of a proportional response?"

That's the question pointedly asked by President Bartlet to his generals in this top-notch, juicy episode that's one of the highlights of Season 1. He never gets a satisfactory answer, which is part of the point, but the theme of proportionality and levels of response runs through this entire episode. Interestingly enough, Aaron Sorkin pulled that theme wholesale out of his 1995 movie The American President, where the President (played by Michael Douglas) asks almost the very same question ("Someday you'll have to explain the virtue of a proportional response.").

(Not for nothing, but Martin Sheen - Jed Bartlet himself - plays the Chief of Staff in The American President, and one of the main plotlines of the film involves the administration pursuing a gun control bill - which is also coming up in the very next episode of The West Wing. Can a screenwriter be accused of stealing from himself?)

The idea of responding, proportionally or disproportionally, can be seen a whole bunch in this episode. The primary story, of course, is the administration's retaliation for Syria's shootdown of the military transport that occurred at the end of "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc". It's just three days later, and President Bartlet (who famously told Leo he was going to blow the Syrians off the face of the earth with the fury of God's own thunder) is angrily disappointed with the response options being given him. He's ranting at his advisers, he's storming around the White House, even snapping at the First Lady.

There's a couple of issues at play for Jed here. First off, he did have a personal relationship with Morris Tolliver, and having him be one of those killed in this attack spurred thoughts of revenge and strong retaliation. Also at play is the President's standing with the military - this will be the Bartlet administration's first use of military force, and he already feels as if the generals don't really have respect for him as a commander. His notion of striking hard, while paying the Syrians back for the loss of his friend, might also show he's no "candy ass" (as he describes the military options being laid out for him) to those in the armed forces.

So we get to see the Situation Room. Remember, in the last episode, all the military brass were just handing out information and intel in the Roosevelt Room, with Sam and Toby and Josh and who knows who else looking on. This time, we have a windowless, fluorescent-lit cubby hole with a weak little projector to throw visual aids up on the wall.

Don't worry - just like what happened to the press briefing room between Pilot and "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc", the Situation Room will improve in later episodes. In actuality, this Situation Room isn't all that far off from the real White House Situation Room meeting area, as seen in this photo from 2000.

The entire Situation Room complex in the White House is some 5000 square feet, so this room is just a part of it. At least The West Wing isn't showing it like some vaulted Bond-villian lair, like they do in Designated Survivor.

I mean, really - is that going to fit in the basement of the White House? I expect to see Blofeld petting a white cat somewhere.

Back to the plot ...

We find the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Fitzwallace (John Amos), presenting three options which would limit civilian casualties and provide maximum protection for American personnel. The President is not happy - "What is the virtue of a proportional response?" - and demands to have a stronger retaliatory plan within an hour. When the generals come back with that option, an attack on a major Syrian airport that could result in thousands of civilian casualties and disruptions to water and medical supplies, Bartlet realizes he's trapped. This response would be seen worldwide as a wild overreaction by a first-time Commander in Chief, and would have a negative impact on America's standing. The President reluctantly approves the original plan, an attack on two ammunition dumps, a railroad bridge, and the Syrian intelligence service.

This forced choice continues to grate on Jed, even up to the point where he's going to go on TV to address the country about the attack. Just before air time, Leo takes him aside and basically reads him the riot act. While Jed refers to the right of Roman citizens to walk anywhere in the world without fear, due to the swift and mightly retaliation of the Empire, Leo reminds him that the Roman Empire isn't really a worthy example for American democracy to emulate, and superpowers shouldn't act that way.

 Leo: "So, my friend, if you want to start using American military strength as the arm of the Lord - you can do that. We're the only superpower left. You can conquer the world like Charlemagne. But you better be prepared to kill everyone. And you'd better start with me, cause I will raise up an army and I will beat you."

When Leo tells Jed, "It's what our fathers taught us" (referring specifically to proportional responses), the President finally comes to terms with it. Just in time before going on TV to inform the nation of his administration's first military adventure!

As far as other examples of the episode's theme, you've got Josh blowing up at CJ, who responds in kind.

Josh: "You know what, CJ, I really think I'm the best judge of what I mean, you paranoid, Berkeley, shiksa feminista! (beat) Well, that was way too far."
CJ: "No, no. Well, I've got a staff meeting to go to and so do you, you elitist, Harvard, fascist, missed-the-deans-list-two-semesters-in-a-row, Yankee jackass!"

CJ also comes down hard on Sam about not telling her about his relationship with Laurie, and Sam really responds overly harshly - he's defensive about the idea that he's really not doing anything wrong, and the White House is too worried about "looking good" rather than "being good." Sam also rather meanly accuses CJ of not being brave enough or strong enough to do what's right, which definitely hurts CJ (a great acting moment from Allison Janney). On the other hand, the entire notion that Sam's upright and noble influence is somehow going to "save" Laurie from her "tawdry" life as a $3000-per-night call girl isn't exactly honorable from a feminist/equal rights/liberal point of view.

The discussion does make Sam pound the wall as he leaves CJ's office, so we get that visual.

Those two patch things up later in the episode, and CJ goes on to show that Sam's virtuous defense did have some effect on her thinking.

There's also the Bertram Coles subplot. Coles is a Democratic congressman (it appears from the South, although it's not expressly stated) who, in a radio interview, took issue with the Bartlet administration's decision to cut funding for a military program, and said if the President chose to visit the Air Force base in his district, he may not get out alive. Toby goes ballistic, wanting to haul Coles in for questioning and starts yelling about treason and threats against the President - a quite disproportional response! Toby later implies to the press that there may be a Secret Service investigation going on, which makes him feel better - much later in the episode, when Leo tells Jed about the quote, they have a good laugh about it (again, showing the difference in proper levels of responding).

When CJ finds out a reporter has the Sam/Laurie scoop (it's the first appearance of Danny Concannon, played by an uncredited Timothy Busfield), she comes down hard on him, with an epic defense of Sam that shows she's reconsidered her position.

 CJ: "Sam is a grownup and I don't get to choose his friends and your readers don't get to judge them. And I'll tell you what else, there's something commendable about Sam's behavior here, don't ask me what, but there is. And I'm sticking by him until the President orders me otherwise and I'm going to look very unfavorably on those who seek to make us look like fools."

And then we get Charlie. Charles Young appears for the first time (played by Dule Hill, who actually appears in the opening credits before he's even mentioned in the series), as a young man who applied for a messenger job but was picked out to replace "Ted Miller" as the President's personal aide. Charlie's response to the entire thing is bafflement; he wonders if he comes back later, might the messenger job be available then? Proportionally, he tries to fight off the job - but when he's in the Oval Office as President Bartlet prepares to speak to the nation, and Jed speaks to him personally about the loss of his mother and how he wants to try to get some of those weapons off the streets, Charlie is swept away by the experience.

Charlie: "I've never felt like this before."
Josh: "It doesn't go away."

(Stand by for a callback to this at the beginning of Season 4.)

In addition, the fact that Charlie is African-American causes a bit of second-thinking amongst the staff. Since the President's personal aide will be attending the President, carrying his suits, opening doors, etc, Josh is a little concerned about the optics of it all. Leo reassures him, sort of.

Leo: "This is serious business, this isn't casting. We get the guy for the job and we take it from there."
Josh: "Good."
Leo: "And I'm fairly sure I'm right about this."

Leo then brings up the issue with Fitzwallace, who dismisses it in the most efficient way possible.

 Fitzwallace: "I got some real honest-to-God battles to fight, Leo. I don't have time for the cosmetic ones."

(Background: Charlie's character was originally written to appear in Pilot, but eventual rewrites left the character out. After The West Wing premiered, there was some criticism from the NAACP and others about the uniform whiteness of the cast - valid, although it's interesting to note that Sidney Poitier was one of the top choices to play President Bartlet, and CCH Pounder was considered for the role of CJ.)

This is the first episode not directed by Thomas Schlamme, but Marc Buckland does a great job here. I particularly like the lighting - lots of intense light sources, creating a lot of light and shadow. And the ending scene in the Oval Office, as they're setting up the cameras and Charlie gathers his courage to mention where the President's glasses might be? That gives us a most interesting two-shot, where Jed and Charlie are having a conversation and we see them both, but one is on a TV screen.

Just to wrap things up, this is a crackling-good episode of The West Wing, in my view, one of the top episodes of the first season. It's just so good thematically, it all holds together just right, it introduces Charlie in a great way - even if Sorkin was recycling his own ideas, it doesn't matter. It's just top notch.

Quick notes:

• We see the press just hanging around in the hallways, not once, but twice (Toby drops the "Secret Service investigation" tidbit, then CJ runs into them again as the staff is trying not to look like there's a military attack going on). Why are reporters just hanging out in the hallways? Is that normal?

• I do love the give-and-take CJ has with the press, which is an ongoing lovable trait of hers. It shows she's really good and comfortable with her job - and contrasts nicely with the rare occasions when she screws up or misplays a situation (those are coming).

• There's a shot from the north side of the White House showing cars driving past on Pennsylvania Avenue. Ah, those were the days, pre-9/11 - the street is now blocked to vehicle traffic, and even pedestrians are moved back from the fence along the White House grounds.

• CNN is apparently still reporting on the Bosnian peace treaty story that first appeared in the background of Pilot. Yeah, I'm guessing the producers just had a limited amount of CNN tape that they kept using (you really don't see the graphics unless you pause the DVD/playback). We do see CNN Headline News a couple of times as well, reporting on flooding, apparently.

• Mandy drops by! For no plot-related reason at all, just because the second-billed actress on the show has to have a scene. She does leave Josh a token of affection, a picture of the two from the night they met.

• It's so sweet that Mandy used a marker to scribble over Josh's face. We also find out her name is Madeline (which makes sense, I guess).

• Remember the light, cheery music that played under the opening credits for Pilot? That same music appears here under the closing credits (which run over a still shot of Mandy, for some reason that escapes me). This is the closing credits music we know and love and will continue for the rest of the run of The West Wing ... and yes, it will sometimes seem really off-kilter when an episode ends on an emotional or dark note, only to hear this poppy, light, jaunty tune immediately afterward. It's part of what we love about the show, right?

• CJ uses a Gateway laptop. Admittedly, probably state of the art for 1999.

Quotes    

• CJ (to Sam, about his Laurie situation): "Anytime you're into something and you don't know what, you don't keep it from me. I'm your first phone call. I'm your first line of defense. You have to let me protect you, and you have to let me protect the President."

• President Bartlet (to the generals): "Let the word ring forth from this time and this place, gentlemen - you kill an American, any American, we don't come back with a proportional response, we come back with total disaster!"

• Chris (reporter): "CJ, what's all the activity?
CJ: "What activity?"
Chris: "CJ, come on."
Reporter: "Fitzwallace was in Leo's office."
CJ: "Fitzwallace is Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, Leo McGarry is White House Chief of Staff, I'm your host, CJ, let's play our game."
Chris: "Is it happening?"
CJ: "No."
Chris: "Would you know if it was?"
CJ: "Guys ..."
Reporter: "Why all the activity?"
CJ: "Menudo's in the building, I gotta go."

Bread crumbs and familiar faces (Hey, it's that guy!)

• We see Ginger, who develops into Toby's assistant. Played by Kim Webster, she's actually credited as "Kim" in this episode. She's the one holding the stack of papers that Toby takes before he talks to the press about Bertram Coles and the pending "investigation." Bobbi is one of the reporters - she's appeared in all three episodes so far.

• Debby DiLaguardia is mentioned as the person who first interviewed Charlie for the messenger job, then sent him on to Josh for the President's aide position. We will see more from Ms. DiLaguardia in later seasons.

• President Bartlet bums a cigarette from a general and lights up in the Situation Room. This is the first time we've seen him smoke - but Captain Tolliver didn't even mention smoking during his exam in "Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc". He told the President to cut back on dairy, red meat, and Scotch, but no mention of smoking. Hmmm.

• There's an "Adamle" mentioned at the Pentagon. He will be seen in the person of Gerald McRaney in a couple of seasons.

• As Josh shows Charlie around the West Wing he mentions the area used to be the White House Counsel's office before Toby and the Communications department took it over.

• President Bartlet mentions the loss of soldiers in Beirut and attacks in Somalia and Nairobi when he's arguing with Leo about retaliation. These refer to real historical events - a bombing of a Marine barracks in Beirut in 1983, the Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down) in Somalia in 1993, and the bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi in August, 1998 (which in The West Wing universe would have occurred during Barlet's presidential campaign, on his predecessor's watch).

• Nancy (Renee Estevez) is in quite a few Oval Office shots, with four or five lines this episode.

• We see a CNN news anchor introducing President Bartlet's address onscreen. The anchor is played by Ivan Allen, who you definitely have seen in a variety of movies and TV shows, most often playing a news anchor (Sicario, Apollo 13, many, many TV shows). For some reason, his IMDB page does not include The West Wing as a credit.

 

Stuff I Forgot To Mention In My Previous Posts